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- HEALTH, Page 86You Should Live So Long
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- Human life-span, despite medical advances, has an upper limit
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- Most everybody wants to live as long as possible. And given
- the enormous strides made in medicine and the health sciences
- during the past 150 years, people could be forgiven for hoping
- that someday human beings will live, if not quite forever, at
- least far longer than at present. Since the mid-19th century,
- average life expectancy at birth has nearly doubled: from 40
- years to 75. Today many people live past 100, and the oldest
- individuals have reached either 115 or 120, depending on whom
- you believe.
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- So it comes as something of a jolt to be told by the experts
- that human beings have taken life about as far as it can go.
- That is the sobering conclusion of a report in Science magazine
- last week by demographer S. Jay Olshansky and gerontologist
- Christine Cassel of the University of Chicago and
- biostatistician Bruce Carnes of Argonne National Laboratory.
- Barring an unexpected breakthrough in basic science that would
- forestall the aging process, they say, the era of rapid
- increases in human longevity has come to an end -- at least in
- developed countries. Even if science could eliminate heart
- disease and cancer -- which account for nearly 50% of all deaths
- in the U.S. -- it is unlikely that the average life expectancy
- at birth would increase much beyond 85.
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- What makes the report so compelling is that it is based on
- simple mathematics. In the past, the upper limits of life have
- been extrapolated from actuarial tables by estimating how death
- rates would change if, say, the incidence of heart disease was
- halved. "We reversed the question," says Olshansky. Taking an
- "engineering approach," his team members asked themselves how
- much mortality rates would have to be reduced in order to
- increase average life expectancy to 120 years. What they
- discovered, after running the numbers through a computer, was
- that big hits in current death rates in the U.S. would give only
- small lifts to life expectancy. For example, if through some
- miracle of medicine and risk avoidance no one ever again died
- before reaching age 50 (thus eliminating more than 12% of all
- deaths), the increase in average life expectancy would be only
- 3 1/2 years.
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- There seems to be a kind of built-in biological limit
- programmed into the cells of the human body. In laboratory
- experiments, human cells divide only about 50 times before they
- begin to fall apart like old jalopies. This planned obsolescence
- on nature's part makes a certain amount of evolutionary sense.
- Survival of the fittest, after all, rewards only those who
- reproduce, not necessarily those who reach old age. Once
- procreation is over, human bodies may as well be disposable
- goods, biologically speaking.
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- The best way to combat cellular aging is to postpone its
- effects at the molecular level. Basic research is now under way
- to understand the mechanisms that make human cells wear out and
- to try to find the genes that cause the major degenerative
- diseases of old age -- arthritis, osteoporosis, Alzheimer's
- disease. This work could have a double benefit: extending life
- expectancy and helping to make those extra years worth living.
- But researchers have no idea when, or if, breakthroughs will
- take place.
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- In the unlikely event that scientists do manage to unlock
- the secrets of aging, some experts believe tomorrow's children
- could reach 130, 150 and even 170. But the authors of the
- Science report are extremely dubious. Among the increasing
- numbers of aging baby boomers, contends Olshansky, "very few
- people are going to live past 110 or 120." And what about
- Methuselah, the grandfather of Noah, who lived 969 years before
- he died? Simple, says the researcher. Someone misplaced a
- decimal point.
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- By Philip Elmer-DeWitt.
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